这件事没有看起来那么简单:
对同种动物来说,肥肉的体积比同样重量的瘦肉要大,在靠“装满胃部”带来饱腹感方面略有优势,但人们不太容易吃那么多肥肉;肥肉的蛋白质占比较低,瘦肉可能通过较多蛋白质刺激饱腹感相关的多种激素释放,肥肉带来的暂时性饱腹感可能比瘦肉弱;
在消化吸收的比例相近的情况下,随着时间流逝,单位重量的肥肉可以在人体内产生更多热量,比瘦肉维持饱腹感(抑制食欲,抗饿)的时间更长。
在能够获取过量食物的条件下,高脂肪食物(例如油炸猪油渣、冒油的肥羊与肥牛)可以长期激活奖励系统,促进食欲[1];高蛋白食物(例如精瘦猪肉、去皮鸡胸肉)可以在短时间内提供较强的饱腹感,但效果也会随着时间流逝徐徐减弱。
- 一段时间的低蛋白饮食可以恢复人体对高蛋白饮食的敏感程度,必需氨基酸的缺乏会促使人摄取蛋白质。
许多研究发现,在一定范围内,蛋白质占食物的比例对饱腹感缺乏急性影响:
- 拉本等于 2003 年发现,在热量相同的情况下,含 32% 蛋白质的食物和含 12% 蛋白质的食物对受试者的饱腹感及接下来的随意能量摄入造成的影响没有差异[2]。
- 布拉特等在 2011 年发现,5 种不同的食品,蛋白质含量从 10% 到 30%,在外观和味道相同的情况下,对受试者的食欲和随意能量摄入有相同的影响[3]。
- 2013 年的一项荟萃分析显示,一定范围内的蛋白质含量与进餐后的食欲抑制(所谓抗饿)之间没有关系[4]。
- 布莱等在 2015 年发现,在一顿植物为主的饮食中添加一些鱼和杏仁对饱腹感没有影响,即使每顿摄入的蛋白质含量从 16 克增加到 41 克也一样[5]。
- 威辛等在 2015 年发现,无论蛋白质含量如何,乳清蛋白奶昔在抑制下一餐的能量摄入方面并不比糖水更有效(为了保持奶昔状态,蛋白质含量当然是有极限的)[6]。吉泽纳尔等在 2017 年发现,在自助餐前喝一杯乳清蛋白奶昔,并不会减少人们随后的随意能量摄入[7]。
另外,已经发现一些人摄入高脂肪饮食并不导致体重增加[8]。
无论如何,饱腹感是主观的,很难精确测量。在减肥实验中,高脂肪低热量饮食的体重减轻程度有时会胜过高蛋白低热量饮食(Gardner, 2007[9]; Shai, 2008[10]; Forsythe, 2008[11]; Guenther Boden, 2005[12])。
参考
- ^ Lowe MR, Levine AS. Eating motives and the controversy over dieting: Eating less than needed versus less than wanted. Obes Res. 2005;13:797–806.
- ^ Raben A, Agerholm-Larsen L, Flint A, Holst JJ, Astrup A. Meals with similar energy densities but rich in protein, fat, carbohydrate, or alcohol have different effects on energy expenditure and substrate metabolism but not on appetite and energy intake. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Jan;77(1):91-100. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/77.1.91. PMID: 12499328.
- ^ Blatt AD, Roe LS, Rolls BJ. Increasing the protein content of meals and its effect on daily energy intake. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011 Feb;111(2):290-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2010.10.047. PMID: 21272705; PMCID: PMC3042728.
- ^ Ravn, A. M., Gregersen, N. T., Christensen, R., Rasmussen, L. G., Hels, O., Belza, A., Raben, A., Larsen, T. M., Toubro, S., & Astrup, A. (2013). Thermic effect of a meal and appetite in adults: an individual participant data meta-analysis of meal-test trials. Food & nutrition research, 57, 10.3402/fnr.v57i0.19676. https://doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v57i0.19676
- ^ Bligh HF, Godsland IF, Frost G, Hunter KJ, Murray P, MacAulay K, Hyliands D, Talbot DC, Casey J, Mulder TP, Berry MJ. Plant-rich mixed meals based on Palaeolithic diet principles have a dramatic impact on incretin, peptide YY and satiety response, but show little effect on glucose and insulin homeostasis: an acute-effects randomised study. Br J Nutr. 2015 Feb 28;113(4):574-84. doi: 10.1017/S0007114514004012. Epub 2015 Feb 9. PMID: 25661189.
- ^ Wiessing, K., Xin, L., Budgett, S. et al. No evidence of enhanced satiety following whey protein- or sucrose-enriched water beverages: a dose response trial in overweight women. Eur J Clin Nutr 69, 1238–1243 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2015.107
- ^ Giezenaar C, Trahair LG, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Hausken T, Standfield S, Jones KL, Lange K, Horowitz M, Chapman I, Soenen S. Effects of randomized whey-protein loads on energy intake, appetite, gastric emptying, and plasma gut-hormone concentrations in older men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017 Sep;106(3):865-877. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.117.154377. Epub 2017 Jul 26. PMID: 28747330.
- ^ Cooling J, Blundell JE. High-fat and low-fat phenotypes: Habitual eating of high- and low-fat foods not related to taste preference for fat. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2001;55:1016–1021.
- ^ Gardner CD, Kiazand A, Alhassan S, Kim S, Stafford RS, Balise RR, Kraemer HC, King AC. Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN Diets for Change in Weight and Related Risk Factors Among Overweight Premenopausal Women The A TO Z Weight Loss Study: A Randomized Trial. JAMA. 2007;297(9):969–977. doi:10.1001/jama.297.9.969
- ^ Shai et al. Weight Loss With a Low-Carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or Low-Fat Diet. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2008;359:229-41. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0708681
- ^ Forsythe CE, Phinney S, Fernandez ML, Quann EE, Wood RJ, Bibus DM, Kraemer WJ, Feinman RD, Volek JS. Comparison of low fat and low carbohydrate diets on circulating fatty acid composition and markers of inflammation. Lipids. 2008; 43(1): 65–77. doi: 10.1007/s11745-007-3132-7
- ^ Boden G, Sargrad K, Homko C, Mozzoli M, Stein TP. Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Appetite, Blood Glucose Levels, and Insulin Resistance in Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:403–411. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-142-6-200503150-00006