如何看待世卫组织表示「新冠病毒最初分布在全球各地，武汉只是发现地」？ 第2页

跪族震怒

WHO究竟说了什么？

就像我之前提倡的，所有新闻来源，一定要溯源。这是 @2-20滑膛枪等96人 发的WHO原始视频。

建议直接听原文，难度介于英语六级~托福之间，主要难点是一些专业词汇，但是不多。

英语一般也没关系，我把视频做了自动语音识别+转化。

前面英文后面中文，有一些识别错误，不影响原意。这都觉得长的，可以跳过。

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So the next question will go to From CNN. Michael, please mute yourself and go ahead. Thank you for taking my question. Can you hear me？ Yes, please, go ahead. Okay, that's a kind of follow up to the last question.

It's hard to believe, but we're almost in a year where k zero or the index case for corona virus was kind of identified. However, always seem to know, according to state documents reported on by the South China morning post, is that was a God's 55 year old male, but he can't be identified her. No one can trace them. How important is it in your investigation to find origins of the corona virus, who case zero was or who the index case was？ Just quickly, also the wet market where the virus is believed to be originated that's been cleaned up and closed off？ Help with that pen and pen？ How would that be an impediment to your investigation？ Thank you. We could end up in a lot of detail.

Your questions are last. identifying case zero is very important aspect of all epidemic investigations. There may be more than one case is zero in some situations because there may be more than one species bridge we're increasingly seeing that says Kobe, like viruses, have been identified in many different countries, fact impartial bats most recently in the last few days, we've seen other potential intermediate hosts identified in various settings. So there's no question that this virus has. A a natural home probably is somewhere in the back community. Some intermediate hosts who we have fully identified yet, and how that disease then breach that barrier into the human species may have been a single event. If they have been multiple events, those events may have occurred in one particular time, r over a range of different times. Because if the virus is present in the animal kingdom are in a wild animals and the chances of multiple introductions.

And we've seen that, for example, if you look at the recent animal or human, animal, or human to mink and mink to human, we've seen multiple re introductions into the human population from the mink population wasn't just one exposure back. So the natural history of these things is at least one case zero, probably more. The d g has always said it was very, very strong on this from the very beginning that we need to start where we found the first cases. And that is a movement in China.

And then we need to follow the evidence after that, wherever that leads. And with regards to the Wuhan seafood market, in fact, one of the interesting findings is while there was most certainly a temporal geographic cluster associated with the market, not all of the cases in that initial cluster can be linked directly to the market.

So the market is likely to have been a point of amplification. As we've seen, for example, in the Shanghai and the event in Beijing, we had Shanghai, a similar event. So where we don't know whether it was a a human that drove the amplification event, the Wuhan market was a big animal, was the environmental contamination.

We don't know that. But certainly it's clear that there were cases that preceded that event at the Wuhan market. So the real question is, the original species barrier, where did that occur？ And that is still unknown. And it's extremely important. And the terms of reference for the investigations clearly lay out on the phase one, the necessary epidemiological and clinical and serologic and retrospective studies that need to be done to establish whether or not there's any evidence trail that will lead back. It is remarkably difficult. It is like looking for a needle in a haystack, sometimes for an individual event to look for that single event. I've been doing that on ebola for the last 25 years. And we've never hit the Mark.

We've never really, except in one occasion where we could actually identify the actual event where the disease crossed other species barrier. So this is not easy to achieve. So we will pursue those investigations over the next couple of months and phase one, and hopefully move on to face to. So I think where there was a second part, if you want to come in the market, see, I think it's important. So as Micah said, a there are a lot of studies that need to be underway to find the initial cases wherever they may be, and look at the conditions by in which they were infected. So this case, zero that you mentioned may not be, in fact, case here. There could have been other cases that existed that weren't detected because they weren't picked up through current surveillance system. That's not a criticism.

That's just a possible fact that we need to look back. We need to look retrospectively to see what happened. The amplification event at the market in Wuhan certainly is what triggered more transmission. And the conditions by which that happened is the focus of some study as well, looking at the animals that were source at that market where those animals came from, where those animals were on word sold, looking at environmental samples that were collected there. And there were a number of environmental samples that were collected in that initial market from animals, but also from surfaces around different parts of the market. And those results the Chinese colleagues have presented to the international team. So there are some results from there. But all of these are clues, if you will, that help lead to the next question. As far as any answers that we get from any studies, they lead to a number of additional studies, as Mike has just said. And as the d g has outlined, we follow the science.

We're also working with a large number of people across the world looking at retrospective analyses. And in different countries, if you've heard studies of waste water, studies that have looked at samples from 2019, we're working with our cero.

Epinephrine works of looking at stored clinical samples in Sierra from 2019 to see if any of those test positive. But all of these really help us to piece together how this unfold. Just to point out that for mers corona virus it took us almost a year to find the intermediate host for the mers coronavirus, which is the dromedary camel, the one humped camels. Those came from detailed epidemiological investigations at the animal human interface with people who were caring for camels, testing the animals, testing the camels, looking at sequences, and being able to match and see that there was transmission that had happened between the humans and the camels.

And it does take time. And we know everyone is really anxious to get these answers. And those studies are underway. We need the science to unfold. We need those studies to be done carefully and thoughtfully and thoroughly. And we will be there across the world with our international partners to support that every step of the way. American I just add, to be clear again on the journalist question, we fully expect that we will have a team on the ground. We need to be able to have the international team join our Chinese colleagues and go to the ground and look at the results and the outcomes of those phase one studies and verify these data on the ground. This is extremely important. And we are continuing to expect that be the case. And we would like to have that team deployed as soon as possible.

So we're building the relationship between the Chinese counterparts on the international team. You have a regular, soon calls between two groups. And we fully expect and have reassurance is from our Chinese colleagues that trip to the field part of the mission will be facilitated. And as soon as possible, in order that's the international community can be reassured of the quality of science. And again, the Chinese colleagues have done a tremendous amount of scientific investigation. In fact, I think, have published hundreds and hundreds of papers regarding the situation in China and the learning they have done. But clearly we all need to understand the origin of the virus. We all need to understand where it has come from, not least, to understand where it may reemerge in the future. And I believe our Chinese colleagues are just as anxious to find those answers as we are.

下一个问题来自CNN。迈克尔，请把你自己的声音调小，继续。谢谢你回答我的问题。你能听到我说话吗？好的，请说。这是对上一个问题的补充。

很难相信，但我们几乎在一年中k0或者冠状病毒的索引案例被确定了。然而，据《南华早报》报道的官方文件，似乎一直都知道，那是一名神的55岁男性，但他无法确认她的身份。没人能追踪到他们。在你的调查中发现冠状病毒的起源有多重要？零案例是谁？还有被认为是病毒发源地的菜市场已经被清理并关闭了？帮我拿那支笔和那支笔？这对你的调查有什么妨碍吗？谢谢你！我们可以得到很多细节。

你的问题在最后。确定零病例是所有疫情调查中非常重要的方面。可能有一个以上的情况是零在某些情况下，因为可能有多个物种桥我们越来越多地看到，科比说，像病毒一样，已确定在许多不同的国家，公正的蝙蝠最近在过去的几天里，我们看到了其他潜在的中间宿主识别在各种设置。所以毫无疑问这种病毒有。A自然之家可能就在后面社区的某个地方。一些我们已经完全识别的中间宿主，以及这种疾病如何突破这一障碍进入人类物种可能是一个单独的事件。如果它们是多个事件，这些事件可能发生在一个特定的时间内，r在不同的时间范围内。因为如果病毒存在于动物王国中，就有可能在野生动物中多次引入。

我们已经看到，例如，如果你看看最近的动物或人类，动物或人类与水貂，水貂与人类的关系，我们看到了多次的重新引入从水貂种群到人类种群的重新引入不仅仅是一次。所以这些东西的自然历史至少有一种情况是零，可能更多。卫生部一直说，从一开始就在这方面做得非常好，我们需要从发现第一批病例的地方开始。这是中国的一场运动。

然后我们需要跟踪证据，无论它指向哪里。事实上，关于武汉海鲜市场，一个有趣的发现是，虽然与市场相关的时间地理集群非常确定，但在初始集群中的所有案例都不能直接与市场相关。

所以市场很可能已经被放大了一点。我们已经看到，例如，在上海和北京的活动，我们在上海，一个类似的活动。所以我们不知道是人推动了放大事件，武汉市场是一个大动物，是环境污染。

我们不知道。但可以肯定的是，在那次事件之前，在武汉市场也有过类似的案例。所以真正的问题是，最初的物种屏障，在哪里发生的？这仍然是未知的。这是非常重要的。第一阶段的调查范围很清楚，必要的流行病学，临床，血清学和回顾性研究需要做来确定是否有任何证据线索可以引导回去。这非常困难。这就像大海捞针，有时要从单个事件中寻找单个事件。在过去的25年里我一直在研究埃博拉病毒。我们从来没有达到目标。

我们从来没有真正地，除了在一个场合，我们可以确定的实际事件，即疾病跨越了其他物种的障碍。所以这并不容易实现。因此，我们将在未来几个月和第一阶段继续进行这些调查，并希望继续进行面对面调查。所以我认为还有第二点，如果你想进入这个市场，我认为这很重要。所以正如弥迦所说，我们需要进行大量的研究来发现最初的病例，无论他们在哪里，并观察他们被感染的情况。所以你提到的这个0可能不是，事实上，这里的情况。可能还有其他没有被发现的病例因为它们没有被当前的监测系统发现。这不是批评。

这是我们需要回顾的一个可能的事实。我们需要回顾过去看看发生了什么。武汉市场的放大事件无疑引发了更多的传播。发生这种情况的条件也是一些研究的重点，观察动物来自的市场，这些动物在哪里出售，观察那里收集的环境样本。有很多环境样本是在最初的市场里从动物身上采集的，还有市场不同部位的表面。中国的同事们已经将这些研究结果提交给了国际研究小组。这里有一些结果。但所有这些都是线索，如果你愿意的话，可以引导我们进入下一个问题。我们从任何研究中得到的任何答案，都会引出一系列额外的研究，正如Mike刚才所说的。正如dg所概述的，我们遵循科学。

我们还与世界各地的许多人合作，进行回顾性分析。在不同的国家，如果你听说过废水的研究，关于2019年的样本的研究，我们正在和cero合作。

肾上腺素的工作是观察塞拉利昂从2019年开始储存的临床样本，看看这些样本是否呈阳性。但所有这些都帮助我们拼凑出这个过程是如何展开的。要指出的是，对于中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒我们花了将近一年的时间来找到中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒的中间宿主，也就是单峰骆驼，就是那种有驼峰的骆驼。这些来自于动物与人接触时的详细流行病学调查这些人照顾骆驼，对动物进行测试，对骆驼进行测试，观察序列，并能够进行匹配，看看在人类和骆驼之间是否发生了传播。

这的确需要时间。我们知道每个人都非常渴望得到这些答案。这些研究正在进行中。我们需要科学来展开。我们需要仔细地、深思熟虑地、彻底地进行这些研究。我们将在世界各地与我们的国际合作伙伴一起支持我们前进的每一步。我想再说一遍，关于记者的问题，我们完全希望我们会有一个实地团队。我们需要让国际团队加入我们的中国同事，到地面上去查看第一阶段研究的结果，并在地面上验证这些数据。这一点非常重要。我们继续期待这种情况。我们希望尽快部署这个团队。

所以我们在国际团队中与中国同行建立关系。你有一个定期的，很快的两组之间的电话。我们完全期待并得到中国同事的保证，这次实地考察将会更加顺利。而且越快越好，这样国际社会才能对科学的质量放心。中国的同事们做了大量的科学研究。事实上，我认为，他们已经发表了成百上千篇关于中国情况和他们所做的学习的论文。但显然我们都需要了解病毒的起源。我们都需要了解它从何而来，尤其是要了解它将来可能在何处重新出现。我相信，我们的中国同事和我们一样渴望找到这些答案。

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WHO在这段话中是否表示「新冠病毒最初分布在全球各地，武汉只是发现地」，你们自己体会。

听完之后我自己的想法是，跟我们几个月前所知道的没有什么区别。

顺便放上一个我觉得这个月比较重要的病毒溯源突破，来自Nature。

科研人员在日本和柬埔寨发现的新冠病毒密切相关的冠状病毒。

目前与新冠病毒最接近的冠状病毒，是石正丽团队在云南蝙蝠洞里发现的RaTG13，和新冠病毒基因序列相似度是96%，但这4%的差异意味着40~70年的进化，这也意味着我们还没发现新冠病毒的爷爷。

根据Nature官网的报道，这两种冠状病毒都是在实验室冰柜中储存的蝙蝠标本中发现的，这是在中国以外第一次发现新冠病毒的亲戚。日本的相似程度是81%，关系较远，而柬埔寨的这个冠状病毒目前已经测序70%，完整报告应该在未来几周可以完成。

这两个发现的科研价值，比意大利那个抗体的重要一百倍。

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  sss-66-5 网友的相关建议: 
      

上海人口2428万，台湾人口2360万。

2019年，上海gdp是3.82万亿，台湾是4.21万亿rmb。

再过几年上海gdp超过台湾，就算迈上一个台阶了。

等上海gdp是台湾两倍，那时候台湾估计就已经回归了。

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  wenhenimabi 网友的相关建议: 
      

妹妹你大胆地往前走 往前走 莫回呀头

通天的大路 九千九百 九千九百九呀

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通天的大路 九千九百 九千九百九呀

妹妹你大胆地往前走呀 往前走 莫回呀头

从此后 你 搭起那红绣楼呀

抛洒着红绣球呀 正打中我的头呀

与你喝一壶呀 红红的高梁酒呀

红红的高梁酒呀嘿 妹妹你大胆地往前走呀

往前走 莫回呀头 通天的大路 九千九百

九千九百九呀 妹妹你大胆地往前走呀

往前走 莫回呀头 从此后

你 搭起那红绣楼呀 抛洒着红绣球呀

正打中我的头呀 与你喝一壶呀

红红的高梁酒呀 红红的高梁酒呀嘿

妹妹你大胆地往前走呀 往前走 莫回呀头

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  fengzhihaojiao 网友的相关建议: 
      

几年前某军区站岗哨兵被袭，枪弹被抢，人死没死不记得了。是不是要提个问题“为何全副武装哨兵面对袭击挂掉”？

大惊小怪。

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  travelplus 网友的相关建议: 
      

从来就没有什么救世主，也不靠神仙皇帝

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  gnadil 网友的相关建议: 
      

要说对警察的记忆，最深的就是当年红遍大江南北的电视剧《便衣警察》了，再加上欢哥那一曲激昂慷慨的少年壮志不言愁，今生都难以忘怀。

几度风雨，几度春秋，风霜雪雨搏激流。

历尽苦难痴心不改，少年壮志不言愁。

金色盾牌热血铸就，危难之处显身手，显身手。

为了母亲的微笑，为了大地的丰收，峥嵘岁月何惧风流。

这一首歌词，短短几行而已，却写尽了中国公安的风采，是对人民警察无悔付出与牺牲奉献的最好褒扬。

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  jiancailaoK 网友的相关建议: 
      

本来不应该判这么重，无良媒体煽风点火。

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