哈特曼的总战绩究竟如何？ 第1页

谢邀, 在现实中确实有一些和哈特曼的战绩所相关的争议

我就在这里发一些和哈特曼的战绩所相关的资料 (包括结论)

During the war, a few pilots questioned Hartmann's dramatic kill totals, including some Germans. The most notable objections came from Carl Junger and Friedrich Obleser, both of whom eventually flew with Hartmann. In Obleser's case, Hartmann challenged him to see for himself and requested that Obleser be transferred from 8. Staffel to 9. Staffel (both were part of JG-52) so Obleser could fly on his wing. Hartmann said that Obleser "became a believer after a few missions and signed off on some kills as a witness."

There are, naturally, lingering questions about the kill totals claimed by Hartmann and other German aces on the Eastern Front, 16 of whom claimed more than 200 victories. Most defenders of these aces are quick to cite the Luftwaffe's strict requirements for making a kill official, so it bears summarizing here.

As Hartmann described it:

Having a kill confirmed was not an easy thing. If you did not have a witness in the air, then you had to have one on the ground; if not a witness, then you had to have a crash site. We hardly ever had gun cameras in Russia, and that would have helped many men confirm kills that crashed on the enemy side of the line when there was no air witness. You also had to have the altitude of the attack, aircraft type, time, and location all in your Abschuss [flight log].

What Hartmann is describing here is the policy for crediting kills, not necessarily the practice. It is widely known that all air forces over-claimed, sometimes drastically, and that the records of opposing forces frequently do not line up. On one day during the Battle of Britain, for example, the British claimed 185 Luftwaffe aircraft shot down, but the German losses were apparently only 60. There are countless similar examples from every corner of the warfront.

The freshest criticisms of Hartmann's kill claims came in 2005 from the Russian historian Dimitri Khazanov, who published an article in French aviation magazine Le Fana de l' Aviation explaining various discrepancies between Hartmann's claims and the numbers of planes downed according to Soviet archives. Khazanov tracks Hartmann throughout several operational sectors and observes that, for example, the aircraft Hartmann claimed to have shot down sometimes exceeded the number of Soviet planes that were known to be in the air at the time. Khazanov's reporting has been criticized for relying on questionable data (Soviet archives) and drawing stark conclusions from limited information. His guess that Hartmann probably shot down at most 70–80 aircraft is as difficult to substantiate as the supposedly spurious kill totals he was trying to discredit.

So, here's what we actually know.

1. Hartmann's biography, the original chronicle of kills, was partially substantiated by Hartmann's first logbook, which he retained after the war. It breaks down the 352 kills individually but relies on Hartmann's personal testimonies and has missing data from kills 151 onward. Those were the kills recorded in Hartmann's second logbook, which went missing after the war. The authors note that it was confiscated by an American or Czech captor, and they say they pieced together the missing information from old JG-52 records and letters Hartmann wrote home. But those details are still sparse: you see, for example, that on March 2, 1944, Hartmann claimed 10 victories in one day but reported no other details.

2. In 2015, researchers Johannes Mathews and John Foreman published what appears to be the most comprehensive analysis of kills and verifications ever made—examining every Luftwaffe ace with five or more kills, presenting brief biographies and detailed kill charts for all of them over the course of a huge, four-volume set. According to their data, which was apparently derived from research at the German Federal Archives, Hartmann's 352 claims can be accounted for with virtually complete detail.

3. The Khazanov research is certainly suggestive and has provoked debate among Luftwaffe fans. This debate, however, usually takes place within the convoluted threads of internet forums, making it hard to discern who really knows what. Often, one portion of the readership roundly dismisses Khazanov's research as faulty, partisan, and rooted in bad data. Other contributors stress that pilots routinely exaggerated their claims, that there are, in fact, identifiable contradictions in Hartmann's records and kill credits, and that shooting down 352 aircraft would be an almost superhuman feat.

In a 2006 Flight Journal article, author Barrett Tillman provides a window into the sheer complexity of tracking and validating fighter pilots' scores and day-to-day exploits. The article compares the testimony of American ace Robert Goebel with what's in The Blond Knight of Germany to determine if it was Hartmann whom Goebel nearly shot down in July 1944. This concerns one specific engagement, which the opposing pilots later described independently and without knowledge of each other's recollections. Goebel, Tillman concludes, very likely engaged Hartmann, failed to shoot him down, but nevertheless caused Hartmann to run out of fuel and bail out. Hartmann and his interviewers independently came to a similar conclusion, and Hartmann was always content thinking that it was, in fact, Goebel who forced him to bail out on the one occasion he had to open his parachute.

During his research, however, Tillman discovered interesting discrepancies between Goebel and Hartmann's accounting of the air battles during that time period: "[Hartmann's] biography … says that Hartmann claimed four P-51s on June 23, but JG-52 records show his first Mustang kill occurred the next day." Elsewhere, Tillman describes an engagement where Hartmann said he saw what must have been Goebel and his flight, but he reported seeing eight enemy planes when Tillman and his fellow Mustang pilots only numbered four. The Blond Knight of Germany's description of JG-52 attacking B-17s also conflicts with the fact that Goebel's 31st Fighter Group actually escorted B-24s, which were quite distinguishable from B-17s unless they were far away.

None of this suggests systematic lying on Hartmann's part, and it's safe to say that Hartmann was spectacularly successful against his Soviet enemies. Regardless of the grand-total debate, it's not as if many of Hartmann's actual kills were gifts—you don't shoot down enemy aircraft by the dozens or hundreds because you're lucky. That takes skill, physical and mental endurance, and a viable strategy. Hartmann had all of those things.